what level of defcon are we at during 1969

MacDonald has also served at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, the National Security Council, the staff of the House Armed Services Committee and the State Department’s Bureau of Political-Military Affairs. Earlier, he was senior director of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States, a bipartisan body headed by former Defense Secretaries William Perry and James Schlesinger. In this capacity, MacDonald developed and leads instruction of 21st Century Issues in Strategic Arms Control and Nonproliferation, a series of courses for USIP’s Academy for International Conflict Management and Peacebuilding, and advises on issues related to nuclear, space, and cyber strategy and policy as well as missile defense, arms control and nonproliferation. Institute of Peace’s Office of Special Initiatives. MacDonald, senior adviser to the Nonproliferation and Arms Control Program with the U.S. The crucial role of diplomacy in peacefully resolving this historic test of Cold War wills is described here by Bruce W. President Kennedy signs Proclamation 3504, authorizing the naval quarantine of Cuba (Wikimedia) This iconic crisis has left us a legacy of lessons and insights for the future, many only recognized in recent years as previously classified materials have become available. Fifty years ago this month, world attention was fixed on a U.S.-Soviet confrontation over the placement of Soviet nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba, probably the most dangerous and perhaps the most studied moment of the Cold War.

What level of defcon are we at during 1969